Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance amongst doctors practising in Cross River State, Nigeria

Background: COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most effective public health intervention approaches for prevention of COVID-19. Despite its well-known efficacy and safety, significant proportion of frontline COVID-19 healthcare workers remain hesitant about accepting the vaccine for whatever reasons. This study aimed to determine acceptance rate and determinants of vaccine refusal among doctors in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional survey of doctors using structured online questionnaire administered via the WhatsApp platform of the medical doctors' association, in order to assess their rate of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, and reasons for vaccine refusal. The predictors of vaccine acceptance were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 443 medical doctors targeted on the WhatsApp platform, 164 responded to the questionnaire survey, giving a response rate of 37.0% (164/443). The mean age of the respondents is 38 ±6.28 years, 91 (55.5%) are 38 years old and above, 97 (59.1%) are males and 67 (40.9%) are females, giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. The greater proportion of the respondents are physicians (70/148, 47.3%) and about three-quarter of the participants (127/164, 77.4%) had received COVID-19 vaccine. The proportion of physicians who had received COVID-19 vaccine (57/70, 81.4%) was more than the proportion of general practitioners (31/42, 73.8%) and surgeons (24/35, 68.6%). Low perceived benefit of vaccination was the main reason given for COVID-19 vaccine refusal (45.9%, 17/37). No significant association was found between vaccine refusal and suspected predictors (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our study revealed high rate of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among medical doctors especially among the physicians, with the surgeons showing lowest acceptance rate. A significant proportion would not take vaccine because they perceived it lacks much benefits. To raise vaccine acceptance among doctors, more efforts on vaccine literacy that would target doctors from all sub-specialties especially surgeons and incorporate vaccine benefits should be made.

Psychosocially-Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependent Adults: A Systematic Review

Background: Opioid dependence is a conundrum that significantly contributes to global mortality, crimes, and transmission of diseases such as hepatitis (B and C), human immunodeficiency virus and perhaps, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are contradictory findings on the efficacy of psychosocially-assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence in adults. Objective: The overall objective of this research is to investigate if psychosocially-assisted pharmacological therapy has significantly better effect than pharmacological therapy with regards treatment outcomes of opioid dependent adults. Methods: All methods employed in this study are in conformity with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) framework for systematic review which involve identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion. This systematic review involved PubMed literature search on randomized controlled trials published between 1st January 2015 to 1st October 2021. Results: PubMed search yielded 5,216 articles which were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria resulting in 19 articled being retained for data extraction. Of the 19 articles used in this study, 13 (68.4%) articles having a combined sample size of 1,928 (60.6%) showed that addition of psychosocial intervention to pharmacotherapy significantly improved abstinence from opioid abuse. Conclusion: The outcome of evaluation of the overall evidences presented in the 19 articles used in this study is that psychosocially-assisted pharmacological therapy is significantly better than pharmacological treatment with respect to enhancement of abstinence from opioid abuse among opioid-dependent adults. Additionally, this study has provided specific combinations of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment that can produce significant beneficial effect on opioid abstinence. The huge downturn in randomized controlled trials on treatment of opioid dependence among adults has been highlighted in this study.

Synthesis, pharmacological screening and computational analysis of some 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]-A [[un]substituted phenylmethylidene] acetohydrazides and 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]-7V[[un]substituted benzoyl/2-thienylcarbonyl] acetohydrazides

The undertaken research was initiated by transforming 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]acetic acid [1] in catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and ethanol to ethyl 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]acetate [2], which was then reacted with hydrazine monohydrate in methanol to form 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]acetohydrazide [3]. Further, The reaction scheme was designed into two pathways where, first pathway involved The reaction of 3 with substituted aromatic aldehydes [4a-o] in methanol with few drops of glacial acetic acid to generate 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]-AD-[[un]substitutedphenylmethylidene]acetohydrazides [5a-o] and in second pathway 3 was reacted with acyl halides [6a-e] in basic aqueous medium [pH 9-10] to afford 2-[l-Indol-3-yl]-AD-[[un]substitutedbenzoyl/2-thienylcarbonyl]acetohydrazides [7a-e]. All The synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, EI-MS and !H-NMR spectral techniques and evaluated for their anti-bacterial potentials against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and it was found that compounds 7a-d exhibited antibacterial activities very close to standard Ciprofloxacin. The synthesized derivatives demonstrated moderate to weak anti-enzymatic potential against oc-Glucosidase and Butyrylcholinesterase [BChE] where, compounds 7c and 5c exhibited comparatively better inhibition against these enzymes respectively. Compounds 7a, 7d and 7e showed excellent anti-enzymatic potentials against Lipoxygenase [LOX] and their IC[5]o values were much lower than the reference standard Baicalein. Enzyme inhibitory activities were also supported by computational docking results. Compounds 5c, 7a, 7b and 7c also showed low values of % hemolytic activity as well, showing that these molecules were not toxic, indicating that these molecules can be utilized as potential therapeutic agents against inflammatory ailments

Tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico / Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for anxiety to the dental treatment

Introducción: la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico afecta de manera importante la salud bucal del individuo, ya que los pacientes evitan los tratamientos dentales así como interfieren el desempeño del profesional a la hora de brindar la atención. Por lo expuesto se hace importante el manejo de las alternativas para este fenómeno como forma de controlar o eliminar dicha alteración. Objetivo: determinar los tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico. Métodos : se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los tipos de manejos ante la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico publicados en el 2010 hasta noviembre de 2015 en un periodo de 3 meses. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda específicamente de artículos científicos. Se obtuvieron 135 trabajos que abordaban tratamientos de esta alteración, excluyendo aquellos que manejaban tratamientos en pacientes especiales o con fobias, quedando finalmente 102 trabajos. De estos últimos se tomaron 59 por ser considerados a criterio del autor artículos con mayor descripción de la temática a investigar. Análisis e integración de la información: existen diversas alternativas de tratamientos para la ansiedad. Las no farmacológicas abordan técnicas o métodos como musicoterapia, audiovisuales, realidad virtual, hipnosis, entre otras, las cuales son muy usadas por los profesionales. Por otra parte, los tratamientos farmacológicos manejan fundamentalmente como medicamentos de elección las benzodiacepinas y el óxido nitroso mezclado con oxígeno; es el midazolam el que la literatura muestra como más usado por sus buenos resultados. Las combinaciones de los farmacológicos y no farmacológicos son eficaces también. Conclusiones : el uso de medios audiovisuales como la musicoterapia, la realidad virtual así como audiovisuales son los tratamientos no farmacológicos más empleados ante este fenómeno. Por otra parte, el midazolam y el óxido nitroso en combinación con oxígeno constituyen los tratamientos farmacológicos más utilizados para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico, y su aplicación en niños resulta más marcada(AU)

Introduction: dental anxiety significantly affects the individual´s oral health because patients avoid dental treatment and obstruct the dentist in his performance when providing care. Therefore, it is important to manage alternatives to face this phenomenon as a way of controlling or eliminating it. Objective: to determine the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety. Methods: a literature review on the types of maneuvers to face dental anxiety published from 2010 to November 2015 was made. This search was specifically directed to scientific articles. One hundred and thirty five articles that addressed treatment of this disorder were found, excluding those presenting treatments for special patients or with phobias, and the final number was 102 papers. From the latter, 59 were taken to be considered according to the author´s criteria because they thoroughly described the study subject. Data analysis and integration: there are several alternative treatments for anxiety including the non-pharmacological methods such as music therapy, audiovisuals, virtual reality, hypnosis, among others, which are widely used by dental professionals. Moreover, pharmacological treatments mainly use drugs of choice such as benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen, being Midazolam the most used due to its good results. The combinations of both types of treatment are also effective. Conclusions: the use of music therapy, virtual reality and audiovisuals are the most used non-pharmacological treatments before this phenomenon. Midazolam and nitrous oxide in combination with oxygen are the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety, mainly in children(AU)

Quantificação de fenóis, flavonoides totais e atividades farmacológicas de geoprópolis de Plebeia aff. Flavocincta do Rio Grande do Norte / Quantification of phenols, total flavonoids and pharmacological activities of geopropolis Plebeia aff. flavocincta of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a composição química e potencial terapêutico do extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis produzidas por abelhas Plebeia aff. flavocincta no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. Oito amostras (A-H) foram submetidas a quantificação dos teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais e avaliação da atividade antioxidante através do método DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazilo). Além disso, foram investigadas as atividades antibacteriana, através do método de difusão em ágar, e a cicatrizante, através da indução de feridas cirúrgicas experimentais em Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, linhagem Wistar, tratados com creme à base de geoprópolis. Duas amostras (F e G) se destacaram por apresentar altos valores de fenóis e flavonoides totais. A capacidade antioxidante acima de 90% foi observada em cinco amostras. Os extratos foram considerados eficazes no que se refere a atividade antibacteriana, pois das oito amostras, cinco promoveram a formação de halos de inibição ≥9mm para todas as cepas testadas. Duas amostras (D e G) se destacaram em relação as demais por apresentar excelentes resultados, uma vez que, promoveram a formação de halos de inibição para as bactérias Staphylococcus epidermidis e Escherichia coli, superiores estatisticamente aos valores dos antibióticos controles, quando na concentração de 100%. As amostras A e G promoveram, respectivamente, a formação de halos de inibição, que não diferiram significativamente dos halos produzidos pelos antibióticos controles em todas as concentrações testadas para E. coli e Staphylococcus aureus. A análise do processo de cicatrização sob os pontos de vista clínico, macroscópico e histológico permitiu concluir, que o uso do creme à base de geoprópolis apresentou influência positiva na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas experi­mentais, por promover reação inflamatória menos intensa e fechamento mais rápido das feridas em relação ao grupo controle.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis produced by bees Plebeia aff. flavocincta in Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. Eight samples (A-H) were submitted to the quantification of total phenols and flavonoid content and evaluation of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl). Additionally, antibacterial activities were investigated by agar diffusion method, and healing process by inducing experimental surgical wounds in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, Wistar line, and treated with the geopropolis-based cream. Two samples (F and G) have stood out by presenting high values of total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant capacity of over 90% was observed in five samples. The extracts were considered effective in relation to antibacterial activity since of the eight samples, five promoted the formation of inhibition zones ≥9mm above all strains tested. Two samples (D and G) have stood out over the other for presenting excellent results since it promoted the formation of inhibition zones for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli exceeding statistically to the values of the antibiotic controls when the concentration was 100%. Samples A and G have provided, respectively, that the formation of inhibition zones were not significantly different than the halos produced by antibiotics controls at all concentrations tested for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The analysis of the healing process from the clinical, macroscopic and histological points of view, allowed to conclude that the use of geopropolis-based cream had a positive influence on the healing of experimental skin wounds by promoting less intense inflammatory reaction and healing faster from wounds in the control group.(AU)

Caso belga de eutanásia em crianças: solução ou problema? / The Belgian case of euthanasia for children, solution or problem?

A aprovação da extensão da prática da eutanásia a menores de idade em 2014, pela Bélgica, reacendeu o debate internacional sobre as decisões médicas em fim de vida em crianças. De fato, a medicina nem sempre tem resposta para a doença grave de uma criança. No entanto, será a eutanásia uma solução equacionável? Partindo da realidade belga, este artigo analisa a premência da nova legislação, considerando, por um lado, a capacidade crescente de autodeterminação das crianças e, por outro, a sua falta de “experiência de vida”, não esquecendo argumentos clássicos que contrariam a prática da eutanásia, como o desrespeito pelo valor da vida humana e a eventual concretização do argumento da ladeira escorregadia. Uma solução óbvia passa pela realização de cuidados paliativos apropriados. Todavia, sendo escassa a evidência sobre a qualidade dos cuidados pediátricos em fim de vida, é necessária investigação adicional para que se possam formular e propor políticas públicas adequadas a respeito da matéria...

By extending its euthanasia law to minors in 2014, Belgium has fuelled the international debate on this issue. In fact, Medicine does not always have something to offer when it comes to a child’s serious disease. Nevertheless, should euthanasia be considered a viable solution? Keeping in mind the Belgian reality, this article analyses the relevance of the new law, considering, on one hand, children’s growing self-determination capacity and, on the other hand, their lack of “life experience”. Let’s not forget, in addition, classical arguments against euthanasia, such as the disrespect for the value of human life and the eventual approaching of the slippery slope. An obvious solution for this problem is the implementation of a proper palliative care system. However, evidence about the quality of pediatric end-of-life care is scarce. Therefore, additional investigation is necessary in order to formulate and propose an appropriate public policy on the matter...

La aprobación de la práctica de la extensión de la eutanasia a menores en 2014 por Bélgica ha reavivado el debate internacional sobre las decisiones médicas en el fin de la vida de los niños. De hecho, la medicina no siempre ha de responder a la enfermedad grave de un hijo. Sin embargo, ¿debería considerarse la eutanasia como una solución viable? Partiendo de la realidad belga, este artículo analiza la emergencia de la nueva ley: considerando, por un lado, la creciente capacidad de autodeterminación de los niños y, en segundo lugar, su falta de “experiencia de vida”, sin olvidar los clásicos argumentos que contradicen la práctica de la eutanasia, como el desprecio por el valor de la vida humana y la eventual realización de “rampa de deslizamiento”. Una solución obvia es implementar los cuidados paliativos adecuados. Sin embargo, puesto que las pruebas sobre la calidad de la atención con el fin de la vida pediátrica son escasas, se requiere investigación adicional para poder formular y proponer políticas públicas adecuadas en esta área...

Treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: what to do when conventional treatment fails? / Tratando o transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo refratário: o que fazer quando tratamentos convencionais falham?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and impairing condition. A very small percentage of patients become asymptomatic after treatment. The purpose of this paper was to review the alternative therapies available for OCD when conventional treatment fails. Data were extracted from controlled clinical studies (evidence-based medicine) published on the MEDLINE and Science Citation Index/Web of Science databases between 1975 and 2012. Findings are discussed and suggest that clinicians dealing with refractory OCD patients should: 1) review intrinsic phenomenological aspects of OCD, which could lead to different interpretations and treatment choices; 2) review extrinsic phenomenological aspects of OCD, especially family accommodation, which may be a risk factor for non-response; 3) consider non-conventional pharmacological approaches; 4) consider non-conventional psychotherapeutic approaches; and 5) consider neurobiological approaches

O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) é uma doença crônica e incapacitante. Uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes se torna assintomática após o tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar as alternativas terapêuticas para o tratamento de TOC quando os tratamentos convencionais falham. Os dados foram extraídos de estudos clínicos controlados (medicina baseada em evidências) publicados nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Science Citation Index/Web of Science entre 1975 e de 2012. Os resultados são discutidos e sugerem as seguintes abordagens para profissionais que lidam com TOC refratário: 1) rever aspectos fenomenológicos intrínsecos ao TOC, o que pode levar a entendimentos diferenciados e à escolhas terapêuticas distintas; 2) rever aspectos fenomenológicos extrínsecos ao TOC, principalmente acomodação familiar, que pode ser fator de risco para a não resposta; 3) considerar abordagens farmacológicas não convencionais; 4) considerar abordagens psicoterapêuticas não convencionais; e 5) considerar abordagens neurobiológicas

Avaliação radiográfica do Lumiracoxibe como tratamento coadjuvante na periodontite induzida em ratos / Radiographic assessment of Lumiracoxib as adjunctive treatment on induced periodontitis in rats

Objective - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lumiracoxib as adjunctive treatment on induced periodontitis in rats. Material and Methods - Periodontal disease was induced in the first mandibular molar of sixty rats. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and all animals were submitted to scaling and root planning (SRP) along with local irrigation with saline solution and were divided into 2 groups: SRP (n = 30) - received subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of saline solution for three days and; SRP + L (n = 30) - received subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of Lumiracoxib for three days. Ten animals in each group were killed at 7, 15 and 30 days. The distance between the cementum–enamel junction and the height of alveolar bone crest in the mesial surface of the mandibular left first molars was determined in millimeters foreach radiograph. The radiographic values were statistically analyzed (ANOVA and Tukey tests, p<0.05). Results - In Group SRP + L, the radiographic analysis showed less bone loss (p<0.05) than in Group SRP at 7, 15 and 30 days, respectively. Conclusions - Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that subcutaneous application of Lumiracoxib was a beneficial adjunctive treatment for periodontal diseases induced in rats.

Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Lumiracoxibe como tratamento coadjuvante na periodontite induzida em ratos. Materiais e Método - A doença periodontal foi induzida no primeiro molar inferior de sessenta ratos. Após 7 dias, a ligadura foi removida e todos os animais foram submetidos à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR), juntamente com irrigação local de solução salina e foram divididos em 2 grupos: RAR (n = 30) - receberam injeções subcutâneas de 1 mg / kg de peso corporal / dia de soluçãosalina por três dias e, RAR + L (n = 30) - receberam injeções subcutâneas de 1 mg / kg de peso corporal / dia de Lumiracoxibe por três dias. Dez animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias. A distância entre a junção cemento-esmalte e a altura da crista óssea alveolar na superfície mesial do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo foi determinada em milímetros para cada radiografia. Os valores radiográficos foram analisados estatisticamente (ANOVA e teste de Tukey, p <0,05). Resultados - No grupo RAR + L, a análise radiográfica mostrou menor perda óssea (p <0,05) comparado ao grupo RAR aos 7, 15 e 30 dias, respectivamente. Conclusão - Dentro dos limites desteestudo pode-se concluir que a aplicação subcutânea de Lumiracoxibe foi um tratamento coadjuvante benéfico para a doença periodontal induzida em ratos.

Use of concept mapping as a facilitative tool to promote learning in pharmacology

To assess whether students find concept mapping a useful learning methodology to conceptualize and organize topics studied in CNS module of Pharmacology; and to evaluate whether addition of concept mapping assignment could help to improve examination scores. An analytical study. College of Dentistry, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan, from March to May 2009. A class of 50 BDS students was recruited for the study. Two randomly selected groups of 12 students each, prepared concept maps in topics from CNS pharmacology which were displayed and discussed during tutorial sessions. The other two groups [n=25] following the traditional teaching methodology, served as controls. Scores from best choice questions and short essay questions were compared between the investigational and control groups using the student's t-test with significance at p < 0.05. Feedback obtained after completion of the study was evaluated as percent response. One-best-choice test of the control group showed a mean grade of 57.1 + 16.7 vs. test group mean of 58.8 + 13. For the short essay questions, control group obtained a mean of 52.3 + 18.8 vs. test group mean grade of 53.8 + 22.5. Both results were not significantly different [p > 0.05]. However, feedback about concept mapping showed that the technique helped the students to conceptualize difficult topics in CNS pharmacology [86.36%]. Concept mapping was particularly beneficial in preparing for exams as it provided a quick overview of the entire subject [68.68%]. Students found concept mapping as a useful pedagogical tool which could potentially be used to acquire meaningful learning in Pharmacology as a supplement to traditional teaching techniques. It was not found beneficial in improving examination grades probably because standard examinations and concept mapping measure different cognitive domains

Impact of gender on the dose-effect relationship of cisatracurium / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the impact of gender differences on the dose-effect relationship of cisatracurium.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty ASA class I or II patients (40 male and 40 female patients) undergoing elective abdominal surgeries received a single-dose intravenous injection of midazolam and fentanyl. The male and female patients were subdivided into 4 equal groups to receive a intravenous bolus of 20, 30, 40, or 50 µg/kg of cisatracurium. The neuromuscular block was measured using a neuromuscular transmission monitor, and the responses were defined in terms of the percentages of maximum suppression in T1 of TOF of the adductor pollicis muscle. According to log-probit transformation of the data of the dose and response, the dose-response curve of cisatracurium was established through linear regression. The onset time of vecuronium was also observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ED95 value of cisatracurium in male patients was 67.4±4.4 µg/kg, significantly higher than that in female patients (48.7±1.0 µg/kg, P<0.05). No significant variation in the onset time was found in the 4 dose groups of either male or female patients (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Female patients are more sensitive to cisatracurium than male patients.</p>

Development, stability and in vitro permeation studies of gels containing mometasone furoate for the treatment of dermatitis of the scalp / Estabilidade, desenvolvimento e in vitro estudos de permeação de gel contendo furoato de mometasona para o tratamento da dermatite do couro cabeludo

Dermatological inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis often affect the scalp and the eyebrows. Although there are many dosage forms available, these are particularly critical anatomic regions for application of topical formulations because of the presence of hair. Lotions are therefore the recommended type of drug delivery system for these areas. The presence of hair may limit the application and thus the acceptability of the formulation and its compliance. Because of its low apparent viscosity, lotion application is unpleasant. Gels, given their consistency and adhesiveness, are a suitable alternative to lotions in this situation. The aim of this study was to formulate a stable gel containing mometasone furoate, which is an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic corticosteroid, in order to improve topical treatment of scalp dermatitis. In this study, pharmaceutical development, physical-chemical characterization, stability and in vitro permeation studies were performed. In terms of the pH, viscosity, assay and macroscopic and microbiological properties, the gel was stable over the period of study. The in vitro permeation studies allowed the characterization of the mometasone furoate permeation profile for the gel through different membranes. Mometasone furoate presented a slow permeation through the skin. This gel appears safe for topical application.

Afecções dermatológicas do tipo inflamatório como a dermatite atópica, psoríase e dermatite seborreica, afetam freqüentemente o couro cabeludo e sobrancelhas. Apesar de existirem várias formas farmacêuticas para o seu tratamento, apenas as loções são indicadas para estas zonas, mas devido à baixa viscosidade, a aplicação de loções torna-se desagradável. Os geles, pela maior consistência e capacidade de adesão, apresentam-se como alternativa nesta situação. Neste trabalho procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento galênico de um gel com furoato de mometasona, que é um potente corticóide de última geração, com um rácio melhorado de risco/benefício. Foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas, a estabilidade e foram realizados ensaios de permeação in vitro. O gel obtido apresenta características organolépticas e reológicas adequadas ao fim a que se destina tendo-se apresentado estável química, física e microbiologicamente durante o tempo do ensaio. Os estudos de permeação in vitro permitiram caracterizar a formulação através de diferentes membranas. A membrana biológica (pele) não permite uma grande permeação do fármaco o que poderá sugerir que esta formulação é segura para aplicação tópica.